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本帖最后由 ajaajaaja 于 2009-12-26 13:51 编辑
第一板块：排序题：
做一道练习题看看：
Directions：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] "I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we'll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't - it's boring, routine paperwork, and there isn't much you can do about it.
[B] "Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.
[C] "I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies．
[D] "Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that's not fair - too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.
[E] "The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.
[F] "So I just don't know what to do. I've been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work."
[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation -- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
Order:
G--41--42--43--44--45--F
步骤一、理解给定的段落确定文章的文体与结构。
理解给定的段落内容（段落中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；无转折词看段首句、第二句，有时包含段尾句），重点关注动作内容。
第G段：
A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation -- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job.
利用名词主体论动作决定论提炼信息为：was putting on a number of seminars "举行一系列的论坛"；the topic to be discussed was motivation "供讨论的主题是主动性". 表明该段叙述"议题"，确定本文是议论文。
步骤二、理解供排序的段落确定段落的内容方向。
理解供排序段落内容（段落中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；无转折词看段首句、第二句，有时包含段尾句），重点关注动作内容。
第A段："I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal.
利用名词主体论动作决定论提炼信息为：motivate them to do a better job"鼓励他们作好工作"；budget crunch"预算危机"； no financial rewards"经济奖励". 表明该段叙述"（自己的）对策"
第B段："Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true.
利用名词主体论提炼信息为：promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork."升职与文字工作的好坏有关"。表明该段叙述"（自己的）对策"
第C段："I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. 利用名词主体论提炼信息为：real problem"实质问题" send them out on the street"派他们到街上"。表明该段叙述"问题（派出去）"
第D段："Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion.
利用名词主体论提炼信息为：Some people"一些人"；suggested"建议"；performance criterion"评价表现的标准"。表明该段叙述"（他人的）对策"
第E段："The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately.
利用名词主体论提炼信息为：problem"问题"； get back to the station"回到警察局"。表明该段叙述"问题（回局里）"
步骤三、按照文章结构及段落内容准确排序。
利用文章结构，结合以各个段落的内容，准确将段落排序。
因此：正确的顺序为C-E---A---B---D
第二板块：句子填空：
一、文章的结构
1描述性结构(主要介绍事物 、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个 ** 好、成就贡献等内容进行描述、因此时间、地点往往是出题重点)
2释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述)
3比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比)
4原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的) 5驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点，危害性，最后阐明自己的观点)。
以上文章结构的知识其实反映了完型填句（段）题型的出题原则。
二、填空式阅读题解题步骤
1阅读文章题目附近的句子，锁定目标答案可能的特征
2阅读选择项，寻找特征词
特征词：代词、专用名词、连接词、数字、复数名词等
3回头再去看原文，明确1—5位置
①开头常是主题句，不行再看前和尾
②中间不忘主题句，前瞻后望找启示
③ 末尾常是下结论，也可排比和例子
4 用代入法通读全文，检查答案是否合理
三、填空式阅读解题技巧
1就近原则寻找信息线索
2选项 ** 现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。
3选项 ** 现代词时，往往该选项往往不能放在首句，往往要注意指代成立的条件。
it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代前面的复数名词；one指代前面的单数可数名词；that指代前面的不可数名词或句子；this指代前面的单数名词或句子。
4绝对常是干扰项，意思太泛太窄要小心
5警惕无关离题词，两项相近有答案
6选项对比原文时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是选项
7总体观、相互补，做题不用按顺序，选做易后做难，莫忘近邻上下文
8 填空式阅读常考的逻辑关系词
并列和递进关系
①标志词：and, indeed,also, besides, almost, even, similarly, like, correspondingly, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover, too②前后句子的名词或意思具有同指性
转折或让步的对立关系
①标志词：but, yet, however, although, though, while, wheras, despite, by contrast, on the contrary
②前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，往往出现以下情况：a.褒贬对立；b.句式结构对立，前肯后否、前否后肯
例证关系
①标志词 ：for example, for instance. for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, that is, namely, verify
②出题模式：a. 总结说明例子(例证)，总结说明后往往伴有表例证关系的提示词；for example, for in stance 此时前面往往有复数名词或表述概念句子。b. 例子(例证)总结说明，总结说明提前往往伴有提示词：thus ,therefore, in conclusion, as a result
定义关系①有定义或释义关系的句子往往是文章或段落主题句，所以放段首或段尾
②下定义的方式有：a：判断句：A is B；b：名词(被定义对象)+定语从句(定义内容)；c：名词 +同位语；d：名词+be called+名词；e：by+名词(被定义对象)+be meant + 名词(定义内容)。
③下定义时所伴随的过度词：namely, in other words, that is to say, or rather
9放在段首的句子的特点
①当选项或某段段首会含有between…and ,either…or, not only…but also；
②复数名词时，那么该段将是总分结构，其中提到的名词可能定是线索；
③会有标点符号：或；
10放在段尾的句子有时也会有提示词：
①因果连词：therefore, thus, as a result, for this reason, hence
②总结性连词：in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word
③转折性连词：but, nevertheless
四、填空式阅读通用的解题方法
1 主旨解题法
2 同现关系
3 复现关系
4 逻辑关系与解题法
5 数单词个数解题法
下面我们先以大纲中所附的样题和05年真题为例，一起来分析一下填空式阅读题型的命题特点及答题方法。
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth , there were fishes ,reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today ,others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now .
41)Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land ,often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
42)____Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting.
43)____There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom ,the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44)____Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important .They have a shell composed of many chambers , each representing a temporary home of the animal .As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one .Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast .
45)____ About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse . Many of the later mammals though now extinct ,were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings .
[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B]Nevertheless , we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils ,From them we can tell their size and shape ,how they walked ,the kind of food they ate .
[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes ,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago .About 300 million years ago the amphibians ,the animals able to live both on land and in water , appeared. They were giant ,sometimes 8 feet long ,and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam ,or layer ,or formed .The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land ,in the sea ,and in the air .
[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature .There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world .
[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex ,and among these are the sea-lilies , relations of the star-fishes ,which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed ,or to rocks .
[F]When an animal dies ,the body ,its bones ,or shell ,may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud .If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved .
[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks .Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form .
［参考答案］41. B42. F43. E44. A45. C
本文文章部分共332字，备选答案部分字数为317字，即所有的给出信息总阅读量高达649字，相当于A节阅读文章一篇半的阅读量。 因此，这要求考生要掌握较好的阅读方法，具有较强的阅读理解能力。
首先，通篇略读原文，分析要点词句，以掌握全文主旨及写作思路。
第一段指出：在人类出现很早以前，地球上就出现了鱼类、爬虫类、鸟类和一些哺乳动物（这是对全文的一个综述）。虽然（Although）这些动物中有一些是现今活着的各种动物的祖先，但是另一些动物现在已经灭绝了，即他们现在已经没有活着的后代了。第二句是个让步状语从句，重点是主句部分：others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now，而that is表明同位结构，因此本段要点词语为：extinct。
而第二段首句指出：偶尔我们可以根据石头里所表现出来的印记合理地推断出几百万年前灭绝了的某种动物的准确图形，尽管不能确定其颜色。此句可说是一个因果关系句，提到了rocks，结果是（so that）: we can build up…picture。后面又接着讲rocks in which the remains are found。由此可知，这些是本段的要点词语。
第三段中已知信息是：几乎我们所知道的所有化石都是由于水的作用而被保存在了石头中，而且大多都是生活在水里或水边的动物。因此，肯定存在过许多我们一无所知的哺乳动物、鸟类和昆虫类。空白后第一句是并列复合句，主语分别是：Nearly all of the fossils和 most of these (the fossils)，而且都与water action有关。
第四段中提供的信息是：还有像螃蟹一样的动物，其身体覆盖着一层角质层物质。接下来此段详细介绍了这类动物的外貌特征。此处要点词语：also和crablike creatures。
第五段缺少段首句，空白后第一句中有指代词of these，these必定指代前文提到的复数名词。接着讲的ammonities是其中的一种。这个词是个生词，但后面有对它的描述：非常有趣而又很重要。它们身体上有个由许多腔室构成的硬壳（shell），每个腔室都代表着这个动物的临时住所。
中间空缺一段，然后文章最后一段指出，大约7 500万年前，爬行动物时代结束了，其中大部分物种都灭绝了。而哺乳动物迅速发展起来，我们可以追寻出许多大家熟悉的动物如大象和马的进化过程。后来的许多哺乳动物，虽然现在已经灭绝了，还是被原始的人类所了解，并被画在了壁画中或被雕刻在了骨头上。注意第一句提到reptiles。
通过这样阅读全文要点信息，我们知道了本文结构的脉络：首先介绍什么是史前动物和我们研究史前动物的依据——化石，以及化石形成的过程。随后，作者即按照动物进化的顺序——我们可以见到其化石的最早的动物，水生壳类动物，脊椎类动物等逐一加以介绍。
然后，利用已经掌握的要点信息等，从头再读文章，并从选择项中寻找特征词，一边分析一边做题。
在做题找答案时，要十分注意空白前后的句子，仔细分析句与句之间的关系，段与段之间的过渡衔接，根据上下文内容线索、语段特征和写作结构等，来判断每个空白处的正确选项。
41．文章一开始，作者告诉我们，早在人类出现以前地球上就许多物种，现在有些物种的后代依然生存，而另外一些则没有留下后裔。在本题空白处后面文章又说岩石上偶尔会留下数百万年前就死掉了的动物精确的印记。显然，空白处应该是关于岩石与灭绝了的动物之间的关系（7个选项中有A﹑B﹑E﹑G四项提到了“rock”,但另外大三项意思上不符）。此外，空白处前面的“extinct”和“no descendant”均为否定意义和表达，而空白处的后面“accurate”和“much”则为肯定意义的表达；这意味着空白处的内容应该有一个结构上的“转折—只有B项符合这一条件。所以正确答案只能是B。
42．本题具有相当的难度。由于G项一开始就有“how fossils ate preserved” ,与上文和下文似乎都是相吻合的；但是G项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织“organism”可能转达化成几种形式而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们“Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action”(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作用泥沙对于化石保存下来所起的作用—与上下文相符合。
43．本题选择的线索有两条：下文中有“There were also crab-like creatures …’,空白处显然有关于另一动物的内容；从本段开始，文章转向讨论由低级高级变化（进化）中的动物。E项开始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found…”,符合文章写作的顺序。B项与上文相符，但与下文不符，且与全文结构不相吻合。
44．本题选择的主要根据是：下文一开始就有“Of these,…”,也就是说，空白部分应该有“some, several, many”或类似的词，答案只能是A。由于文中有了“The first animals”,为避免句式上的复，作者改变句子起始的模式—这种做法很多见，因而也是考生阅读和写作中应该注意的。
45．从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”：前面几段，动物都在不断的进化，而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,这里需要有一个“交代”。只有C项符合这一条件；同时，“reptile”在本题空白处前文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有C项中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air”。所以正确答案只能是C。
最后，将所选答案代入原文，结合全文要点信息，确证答案，进一步排除干扰项。
在将答案代入原文过程中，只需再读一下有关的重要信息，检查文章从内容上是否连贯，语篇结构是否符合一致性、是否合乎逻辑等。
问题中所给的D和G两个选项，D意为：最好的索引化石往往是海生动物。这些动物进化速度很快，遍及世界很多地区。G意为：许多因素能够影响化石保存在岩石中的方法。某种生物体的遗骸很可能被矿物质取代，被某种酸性溶液溶解，只留下它们的印痕，或者化为一种更为稳定的形式。虽然它们与文章总体内容有某些相关性，但将这两个选项代入原文都与文章的上下文内容不符合，因此是干扰项。
参考译文
早在人类出现之前，地球上就已经有了鱼类、爬行动物、鸟类、昆虫，和一些哺乳动物。虽然这些哺乳动物中有些是现代物种的祖先，但是另外的一些现在已经灭绝，也就是说，它们现今已没有后代存活。然而，我们对它们大多数都了解颇深，原因是他们的骨骼和甲壳留存在岩层中成为化石。我们由此可判断出他们的大小、外形、行走方式、饮食特点。
真是非常偶然，岩层能够显现肌肤的纹理，因此，除了肤色外，我们可以相当准确地构想出一种已消亡几百万年的动物。这种有动物残骸的岩层可以体现很多原始大陆的特性，通常是其上生长的植被，甚至有关气候的状况。
当动物死亡时，其尸体，骨骼或甲壳通常会被溪流冲走带进湖泊或者海洋，之后被淤泥覆盖。如果在海洋中生活，其尸体很可能会下沉并被淤泥掩埋。越来越多的淤泥将其覆盖，直至骨头或甲壳深嵌其中得以保存。我们了解的所有化石几乎都保存于由水流作用而形成的岩层中，而其中大部分化石是由水生动物或亲水动物形成的。由此可见尚未知晓的哺乳动物，鸟类，昆虫不计其数。
已发掘到残骸的最早期动物都是构造单一的水生物。往后的则结构更为复杂，其中就有海百合，属海星的近亲，带有长触角，并被长茎吸附到海底或岩层上。同样还有蟹类生物，与残骸埋于角质的物质之下。残骸的每个断片都有两对脚，一对用于沙地行走，另一对用于游走。其头部呈盾牌状，带有一对复眼，其中常有成千上万的晶体。它们通常一到两英寸长，但有些长达两英尺。
水生有壳动物在岩层中有着悠久的历史并且很多不同的种类都已众所周知。这些动物当中，菊石非常有趣而且尤为重要。它们有一个由许多孔穴组成的壳，每一个孔穴相当于它临时的一个家。随着年幼者长大它会生长出一个新的孔穴并将先前的那一个封掉。在多塞特海岸的岩层中可以看到成千上万这样的菊石。
第一种有脊椎生物是鱼类，最早在三亿七千五百年前的岩层中为人所知。大约三亿年前两栖动物出现，它们既可以在陆地上又可以在海水中生活。它们体态庞大，有时长达八英寸，并且大多都生活在形成我们的煤层的沼泽滩中。两栖动物进化成爬行动物，而且它们将近一亿五千年以来一直都是最重要的生命形式，无论是在陆地上，海洋里还是天空中。
大约七千五百万年前爬行生物纪元结束，其中大部分物种已经灭绝。哺乳动物的进化迅速，我们可以追溯许多熟悉的动物如大象和马的进化过程。许多后期的哺乳动物，现今虽已灭绝，但为原始人类所熟悉并且将其用壁画和骨雕勾勒出来。
看完方法做做这一题：
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.
They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.
41.
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
42.
But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial—provinces combining efforts to create one body.
Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province—negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.
Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.
43.
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.
44.
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs.
“A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”
45.
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.
A. Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!
B. Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: ‘The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”
C. What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.
D. The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.
E. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.
F. So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.
G. Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.
［参考答案］41. E 42. C 43. G 44. F 45. B
【应试策略总结】
了解并掌握了这类题型的命题特点和考查重点之后，我们在做题时应当采取切实有效的解题方法，以便快速地找出正确答案。下面我们把一些重要的应试方法总结一下。
一、答题步骤
（1）利用3～5分钟，快速阅读全文要点词句，包括首尾段、首尾句以及独立成段的句子和文章中带转折词的句子等，目的是掌握文章的主要内容。
但是由于文章中空缺了五处，而且有的地方空缺的是几句话甚至是一整段，文章的整个结构和逻辑是被打断了的，因此在短时间内掌握文章要点或逻辑思路是很困难的。因此这一步可能对很多考生来说会花费很多时间。如果感觉困难而且收获不大，可直接进入第二步，即一开始就边阅读边分析做题。
（2）利用10～15分钟，边读边做题，重点阅读各个问题附近的句子，圈定线索词，然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词，以确定答案。做题时可以采用代入排除法。如果一题做不出或拿不准，可先放过，继续往下读，先做容易的能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落之间的逻辑关系应基本清楚了。
（3）利用3～5分钟重新阅读相关词句，重点做刚才没做出的题或不确定的题，此时可将已选出的答案代入原文，利用排除法。同时检查核对已选出的答案，看文章从内容上是否语义连贯合理，语篇结构上是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了、格式以及用语恰当贴切。如果所选的答案可以满足上述标准，则表明各个问题的答案基本正确。
做完此题一般最多不能超过25分钟，否则会影响其他部分。
二、解题方法和技巧
（一）三个层面
1.从意思上判断
在做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子，明白这几句话的确切意思，然后根据意思的连贯性或逻辑性从选项中选取正确答案。在读懂意思的基础上，再利用线索特征词等进一步确认答案。
2.从词汇上锁定线索
做题时很重要的一点是保持对一些线索词的敏感，最主要的线索特征词是空白前后的名词和动词，寻找答案时注意在选项中查找同义词、近义词、反义词或表示同一类事物的词语等。其次是代词、数词、表示时间/年代的词、地点/名称等专有名词等。尤其是在读不懂句子的情况下，利用这样的线索词寻找答案是很有效的方法。
3.从关联词上查找
由于英语的句段之间经常会运用关联词表示衔接和过渡，使文章逻辑更清楚和连贯，因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的路标性信号词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。关于这样的路标性信号词请详见下一节文章段落的语段特征之“连贯性”一部分。
在做题时可将这三个层面的线索很好地结合起来。例如，在看到表示并列或递进关系的关联词时，一般表示前后句子的名词或句意具有同指性；而表示转折让步关系的词则往往表示前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，或褒贬对立或肯否对立；而表示例证关系的词则意味着在举例之前或之后有表述概念或某一观点的句子，往往会有复数名词出现。
（二）三条原则
1、主题原则
文章主题是文章的核心部分，500～600词的长文章虽然容量很大，但都是从各个不同的角度去展开一个主题，论述中可能以段落或句群为单位，进行多次语意的转换，但主题只有一个，只要抓出主题这个纲，以主题为阅读和理解的中心，那么文章的其他部分就可以纲举目张，全文的脉络也一气畅通。这样给选项定位时，需要按照主题一致性的原则，排除与主题无关或脱节的选项，选取与主题一致、围绕主题最为紧密的选项放到文中。
与文章的主旨相关联，作者的语气、态度也是在定位时一个不容忽视的依据。对于文章引述的观点，作者的态度可能是鲜明的肯定或否定，也可能是做中立的评价，但长文章往往会态度隐含或前后转换，所以在阅读时要注意作者语气态度的倾向和变化，以此为依据，将观点和态度最接近的选项准确地在原文相应部分定位，使文章文气相通，态度鲜明。
2、结构原则
阅读选择搭配题题型本身的特点决定了阅读文章的体裁以论说文和说明文为主。不同的问题有不同的叙述和展开方式，如按时间顺序、逻辑顺序展开；或按不同的论证角度，如事例论证、因果分析、对比比较等展开；或按不同的说明方式，如定义法、引述法、列举法等展开。展开方式决定了文章的行文结构和层次，因此，准确地把握展开方式的特点，有助于将选项放到原文最恰如其分的位置，以保持全文的组织严密、结构完整。例如文章运用例证法展开时，通常在提出观点后，会引用严谨的数据或事件作为佐证，而引用的部分往往被抽出作为选择项。考生必须在读懂选项内容后，回顾原文，寻找到需要支持的上下文，在空白处迅速定位，而对其他细节或结论性的章节空白处，可以不加考虑，这样有助于提高做题的效率。因此在考试准备期间，考生应重点训练对文章总体篇章结构的掌握，做到阅读时心中有数，对上下文段落的逻辑组织关系有一个清晰的认识。
3、关联原则
上下文内容的关联性是阅读选择搭配题解题的一个决定性因素。选项既然是从原文中抽出，因此无论从逻辑上还是从文义上都与前后文有着内在的联系，环环相扣，或者肯定，或者否定，或者过渡，或者因果。抓住这一特点，根据抽出文字在全文中所起的作用，可以推测出其前后段落的位置。此外，文章所涉及的概念术语、人名、年代、数据例证等按照逻辑的顺序依次出现，注意到这一特点，在发现备选项中有后文才出现的名词时，就可以大致确定它出自后半部分，而避免将其错放在前文的空白处。
（三）各个击破
1．如果问题在段首
（1）通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。
（2）与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一两句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有某种的衔接手段，尤其当选项是几句话时。比如，如果选项 ** 现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。
（3）段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与上一段结尾有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。
2．如果问题在段尾
（1）空白前的一句或两句是重点语句，重点阅读以锁定关键词。
（2）通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。
（3）与前文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。
（4）与前文是并列或排比关系。在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节，因此根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词，通常在选项中会出现表示并列/递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他信号线索。前面的一句与正确答案的第一句是紧密相连的。要特别注意阅读这样相连的两句，通常会找到关键的线索词句。
（5）所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。
（6）如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。
3．如果问题是一整个自然段
（1）这个段落应该是承上启下，而且自成一体，即有一个段落的中心，因此可重点阅读选项中较长的选项，以此类推直至找到正确答案。
（2）着重阅读前一段结尾和后一段开头的一两句查找相关的线索，而且重要线索通常会在后一段开头，因此后一段开头往往比前一段结尾更为重要。
（3）分析段落之间的逻辑关系及内容的连贯性，注意段落间的衔接手段。将选项代入原文，如果前后内容连贯，符合逻辑，就能得出正确答案。
值得注意的是，这类题型的选项中有两个干扰项。通常干扰项在意思上与原文内容是相关的，但其意思可能会太泛或太窄，出现无关的离题词，涉及本文未及的其他方面，代入原文后与上下文不能很好地衔接连贯。 |
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发表于 2009-12-26 13:34
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