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教你学做英文的Presentation

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发表于 2009-6-25 17:56 |显示全部楼层 |倒序浏览
Daphne所属的公司,为 EarthSound 拟定了一份打入台湾市场的行销企划。待众人坐定之后,Daphne带着从容和悦的神情,起身上台开始了这场presentation。
Good afternoon and thank you for coming today. My name is Daphne Fu, and I'm the Project Manager in Taipei for Jackson&Wang. I'm here today to present our firm's marketing plan, which is designed to introduce EarthSound's products to the wealthy Taiwan market. Our research shows that there are big profits waiting in Taiwan, so we're excited at the opportunities we see for EarthSound. I hope that some of our excitement will rub off on all of you.
下午好,感谢各位今天的莅临,我是Daphne傅,Jackson&Wang公司台北地区的项目经理。今天在这里向各位说明本公司的行销企划,是针对贵公司将产品打入富裕的台湾市场所拟定的。根据我们的调查,台湾市场潜藏着丰厚的利润,对于"天籁"所面对的机会,我们感到十分兴奋,希望能把这种感觉传达给在座的各位。
I'll start with a few facts and figures about the health and beauty products market in Taiwan. Next, I'll go over the standard types of advertising that have been successful for these products in Taiwan. Finally, I'll analyze current opportunities and give a few recommendations. A booklet of the marketing plan will be handed out after the presentation, and it will give you all the details.
我首先会报告一些实际情况与数据,有关台湾健康美容用品的市场;然后,再说明典型的成功广告案例,有关此类产品打入台湾市场的情形。最后,我会分析目前的机会并提出几点建议。简报之后,我将发给各位一本关于这份行销计划的报告书,里面写得非常详细。
Because we all have tight schedules, I'd like to introduce the first point, the current state of Taiwan's health and beauty market...
我知道大家都很忙,我想马上就开始介绍今天的第一项主题:台湾健康美容用品的市场现况……
Notes:
1. rub off on 沾到;感染
Rub 原是“磨擦”的意思,而 rub off 则指“擦掉”;rub off on是美式用法,它的意思是“把(某物)擦掉,再把它抹于另一件物品上”,引申有“将个人想法、行为影响了他人或把情绪感染给别人”的喻意。值得注意的是,这个词组是以物为主语,而不是人,请参考本文和下例。
Since you're new to the team, I hope some of my confidence will rub off on you.
你是这个团队的新成员,希望我的信心能感染你。
2. go over 浏览;仔细检查
这个词组有两层意思:一是指把某个文件看过一下或事情讨论一遍,只要得到一个基本概念就好;另一个意思则是精密地审查。
Let's go over some ways to make our office more efficient.
让我们很快地讨论几个使办公室更有效率的办法。
句型总结
●  说明简报目的
1. I'm here today to present our firm's marketing plan.
2. My purpose today is to present our firm's marketing plan.
3. My goal for this meeting is to present our firm's marketing plan.
4. The aim of this presentation is to present our firm's marketing plan.
5. The reason why I'm here today is to present our firm's marketing plan.
Presenter一站上讲台,不论下面的听众是否知道今天的主题,都要先介绍presentation的目的,这样不仅可以帮助听众了解下面要讲的内容,也是一个最普遍、正式的开场白。"I am here today to..."就是个非常简洁实用的句型。
●  逐项说明大纲
1. I'll start with... Next,... Finally,...
2. First,... Second,... Third (and last)
3. To begin with... Moving right along,... To close,...
4. I'll open with... Then I'll... And I'll wrap up with...
5. Step one is to... After that we'll... And our final step is to...
说明presentation的目的之后,接下来应该把presentation的大纲按照顺序告诉听众,帮助听众掌握内容的架构。而介绍大纲的关键是要条理分明、次序清楚。例如文中所用的"I'll start with...(一开始是……)Next,...(接下来是……)Finally,...(最后是……)",就是一个很好的例子。
●  进入正题
1. I'd like to introduce the first point - the current state of Taiwan's health and beauty market.
2. Now I'll go over the first point - the current state of Taiwan's health and beauty market.
3. Now I'll review the first point - the current state of Taiwan's health and beauty market.
4. Now I'm going to consider the first point - the current state of Taiwan's health and beauty market.
5. It's time to discuss the first point - the current state of Taiwan's health and beauty market.
在开始讨论不同的主题之前,还是要把该段内容的重点提一下,这样可以帮助自己和听众有条理地听和说。I'd like to introduce... 是个很普遍的句型,可以清楚的告知观众,就要进入某个主题了。
特别提示
讲台之于演说者有如舞台之于演员。舞台上有些位置会使您成为观众瞩目的焦点;而有些位置却会让观众视而不见。聪明的演说者应学习站在正确的角度上,以适当的位置面对您的观众。
当演讲者做presentation时,讲台放置的位置以中央优于左右两旁,前方(靠近观众)胜于后方,左方又胜过右方。
在presentation时,若是以演讲者为主,则屏幕位置应放置在演讲者的右后侧,这就构成了"人为主,屏幕为辅"的效果。
在presentation时,无论是您的右半边脸较好看,或是左半边脸较迷人,正面整个面对观众是最强势的位置,其次是正面75度角,再而半侧面,背对则最弱。

做presentation时,若能提供看得见的数据,再给观众一些具体可及的线索,那么这场presentation就成功一半了。现在,Daphne就准备了一些醒目有力的幻灯片来增强presentation的效果。
I have prepared a short slide presentation to give you a picture of the Taiwanese market. Please direct your attention to the screen behind me while I dim the lights.
我准备了一段简短的幻灯片,让各位对台湾市场有个了解。现在我把灯光调暗,请大家看我背后的屏幕。
The Taipei area, with a population of six million people, is the trendsetter for Taiwan As you can see from these photos of people in the business area, both men and women are very style-conscious. They have an eye for glamour and good looks, and are willing to spend money to get the look they want. This next slide shows the beauty section of a typical drugstore; lots of famous brands from Japan, Europe, and the United States, plus a broad range of domestic brands. Gentlemen, this is without a doubt a competitive market.
拥有六百万人口的台北地区,是台湾流行趋势的创造者。从这几张商业区人们的照片可以看出,不管男女都很注重打扮,对魅力和美貌的看法也很独特,而且舍得花钱塑造自己想要的外表。下面这张是一家典型购物中心的美容用品区,有数十种来自日本、欧洲和美国的名牌产品,以及台湾本地产品。各位,毫无疑问地,这真是一个竞争激烈的市场!
Moving on to Taipei's hairstyling salons... hmm, that slide seems to have been placed upside down. I'm sorry for the delay; it will only take a moment to flip the slide... There, that's better. As I was saying...
接下来看看台北的发廊,咦,……这张幻灯片似乎放倒了。很抱歉,耽误一下,马上就好……好了,正如我刚才所说的……
Notes:
1. style-conscious 注意打扮的
style有“时尚;风格;品格”之解释,在这里则偏向“流行(样式)”的意思。conscious,有“自觉的”的意思。这两个词合成一个形容词,指“注意流行风尚的”,引申为“着重外表打扮的”。
She was so style-conscious; she read every fashion magazine she could find.
她非常注重打扮,每一本时尚杂志她都看。
2. have an eye for 对……有独到的眼光
Eye的意思并不只有“眼睛”,也可指“眼光;观察力”,在此是指“欣赏事物的能力”,与appreciation同义。这个词组表示某个人对某方面的事物或人有独特而正确的鉴赏能力,能够看出别人所无法察觉的价值。而另一个用法相似的have an ear for意思是“对……(音乐、声音)有独到的鉴赏力”。
When I was young, I had an eye for pretty girls. In fact, I became an expert on the subject.
我年轻的时候,对美丽的女孩有独到的眼光;事实上,我变成了这方面的专家。
3. without a doubt 毫无疑问
Doubt 可当动词、名词使用,意思是“疑问、怀疑”, without则是“没有”,合在一起是副词词组,表示“毫无疑问”。这个词组也可替换成 certainly 或 surely,但语气比这两个词强烈得多。
Without a doubt you have hepatitis--the blood test proves it.
你无疑是患了肝炎--血液检测证实了这一点。
句型总结
●  请观众注意某处
1. Please direct your attention to the screen behind me.
2. Please focus on the screen behind me.
3. Now let's take a look at the screen behind me.
4. I'd like you to look at the screen behind me.
5. Could you please look at the screen behind me?
在开始放幻灯片或投影片等视听辅助器材之前,必须提醒在场的观众,请他们注意。Please direct your attention to...是个直接又常用的说法。
●  说明幻灯片的内容
1. As you can see from these photos of ... both men and women are style-conscious.
2. These photos of ... Indicate that both men and women are style-conscious.
3. These photos of ... Show that both men and women are style-conscious.
4. These photos of ... Prove that both men and women are style-conscious.
5. These photos of ... Highlight the fact that both men and women are style-conscious.
放幻灯片时,应该同时说明幻灯片的内容,帮助观众了解,但只要间歇说明即可,让观众也有时间自己看。
●  为失误道歉
1. I'm sorry for the delay; it will only take a moment to flip the slide.
2. I apologize for the technical difficulties; it will only take a moment to flip the slide.
3. Please pardon the error; it will only take a moment to flip the slide.
4. I'm sorry for the inconvenience; it will only take a moment to flip the slide.
5. I hope you will excuse the delay; it will only take a moment to flip the slide.
Presentation中使用视听辅助器材时,偶尔会发生些小问题,如果那个问题是在场者都察觉得到的,就应立即大方道歉。
特别提示
您相信“一张图胜于千言万语”吧?!事实上,图片不但和人一样能说话,有时还更具有说服力。因此presentation时如果能适时地佐以适当的视听媒体,必能将说明烘托得更精彩。
演讲者的presentation内容若较着重于文字、重点、标题或草图的交代时,较适合选择以白板作为presentation媒体。
在presentation时,演讲者以投影片作为presentation媒体的优点为可以不关灯,在室内正常光线下展示投影片,但无法投射不透明的图片,而且放映的影像常有变形的现象。
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发表于 2009-6-25 17:57 |显示全部楼层
一般来说,统计数字可以增加presentation的可信度。Daphne早就准备好以一连串的数字来说服她的观众;她成功的主要因素之一就是能有效地运用各种统计数字与数据。
Most of Taiwan's hair salons are full-service shops that have a regular customer base. Taken as a group, the salons have moderate buying power when it comes to beauty products. The money they spend makes up 13.5% of the total yearly sales for the industry.
台湾大部份的发廊都提供全套的服务,也有固定的客户群。整体看来,发廊在美容用品方面具有相当稳定的购买力,他们购买的费用占了美容用品业年营业额的百分之十三点五。
And the size of this market? Taiwan's twenty million people spent five-point-four billion U.S. dollars on beauty products last year or two hundred and fifty dollars per capita. Salons accounted for four-hundred million of this total. Breaking the figures down even further, five out of every eight dollars were spent by women. One half of the total was spent by people between the ages of nineteen and thirty-five. The last and most surprising statistic shows that teenagers spend the highest per capita total; at three-hundred twenty-three dollars, this is one-point-three times the total of the young adult market.
那么这个市场有多大呢?去年台湾二千万人总共花了五十四亿美元在美容用品上,也就是平均每人消费二百五十美元。而发廊的消费则占了这个总额中的四亿!把这些数字做进一步的分析,我们发现,每八元中有五元是女性销费的;消费总额的二分之一是十九岁到三十五岁年龄层的人消费的。最后一项,同时也是最让人惊讶的统计结果是,十几岁的少年少女每人每年的消费额竟然最高,达到三百二十三没元;是青年消费者的1.3倍。
Notes:
1. make up 组(合)成;造成
make up这个动词词组有相当多的意思,如“弥补、修护、造成”,在本文中则指“造成”,可以用 compose 或 form 来代换。
Teenagers make up 30% of the market in Taiwan.
青少年占了台湾百分之三十的市场。
2. account for 占(花费的)部分
Account 的意思是“计算”。account for 可以做“解释;说明……的原因”,但在此处引申的意思则是“说明金钱是怎么花的;占花费的多少”,譬如每月开销的一半花在房租上,你就可以说:“Rent accounts for half of monthly expenditures.”
Taiwan accounts for 12% of all sales in Asia.
台湾占了整个亚洲地区销售额的百分之十二。
3. breaking (the figures) down 分析;分类
当你将一大堆数字分成小部分来分析,就是将它们break down -“分析;分类”。譬如把生活费区分为食、衣、住、行、医药费等,就是break down the figures on living expenses into food, shelter, education, medical bills, etc.。这个词组也可以用来指“毁损”、“故障”。另外,figures通指经统计、计算而得到的数字。
After breaking the figures down, we found that the company wasn't in such poor financial shape.
分析这些数据之后,我们发现这家公司的财务状况并没那么糟。
句型总结
●  庞大数目的说法
1. 100 百 hundred
2. 1,000 千 thousand
3. 10,000 万 ten thousand
4. 100,000 十万 hundred thousand
5. 1,000,000 百万 million
6. 10,000,000 千万 ten million
7. 100,000,000 亿 hundred million
8. 1,000,000,000 十亿 billion
9. 10,000,000,000 百亿 ten billion
10. 100,000,000,000 千亿 hundred billion
11. 1,000,000,000,000 兆 trillion
12. 1,800 - Eighteen-hundred
13. 90,000 - Ninety thousand
14. 200,000 - Two-hundred thousand
15. 85,600,000 - Eight-five-point-six million
16. 7,000,400,000,000 - Steven-trillion four-hundred million
用英文说庞大的数字时,为避免绕口,有两个简便的办法。第一,当详细数目字不是那么重要时,可使用整数来表达,譬如:two million ninety-three thousand and two(二百零九万三千零二)可以 two million 代替,把零头删除不说。另一种方式是以最大的单位做基准,用小数点的方式来表达,譬如把 five-billion four-hundred million(五十四亿)说成 five-point-four billion,这样的表达方式比较简洁。另外请您注意:billion,美语用法是指“十亿”,而英式英语则为“兆”;trillion,在美语中为“兆”,而英式用法为百万的立方,即为“十万兆”。
●  小数点和百分比
1. 0.32 - O-point-three-two
2. 0.7% -Zero-point-seven percent
3. 89% - Eighty-nine percent
4. 300% - Three-hundred percent
表达数据时,可尽量采用小数点 (decimals) 和百分比 (percentages),听者比较容易掌握。前面提过可以用 point 这个词来简化庞大的数目。但需注意的是,小于1的数目应该在 point 之前加上 zero(零),譬如0.90念成 zero-point-nine;若大于1,就直接读出该数字,然后接 point,例如 two-point-three (2.3)。百分比则大都用来表示比例关系,而且通常只有二位数,所以听者易记易懂。譬如 thirteen-point-five percent (13.5%),书写时数字后一定要加 % 这个符号。
●  分数和比率
1. 5/8 - Five eights
2. 1/6 - A sixth
3. 2/3 - Two thirds
4. 4:5 - Four in five
5. 9:10 - nine out of ten
6. 10:1 - ten to one
7. 1000:1 - a thousand to one
分数和比率的用法在强调数据的对比时相当重要。用英文来表示分数时:分子以数目读出,分母则以序数读出;分子若大于1,分母则须加 s,例如:1/2念成 one second或 one-half,2/3念成 two-thirds,3/4则念成 three-quarters。复杂的分数通常可用关键词 over来表达,如 123/456 要读成:a (one)hundred twenty-three over four hundred fifty-six。谈到比率时,若是要表达"某个数目之中的多少个",有两种表达方式:out of和in,譬如presentation中的five out of eight (5:8),或 one in three (1:3)。而若单纯强调"几比几",则经常用 to。
特别提示
投影片 (overhead transparencies) 虽是最常使用的视听媒体之一,但是一些制作上的基本原则未必人人懂得,因此不合标准的投影片处处可见。不良或字体过小的投影片,彷佛对台下观众实施酷刑;或因为信息过多,使人抓不住重点。以下提供一些投影片制作上的基本原则。
投影片宜采用横式,勿用直放的格式。这是由于投影机放映台的尺寸,使得直式投影片有截头去尾之虞。
一张投影片,尽量表达一个概念,图样尽量不要超过三个。
运用关键词或标题作提示。整体的文字越短越好,谨记KISS的原则(Keep it simply simple.--简洁扼要),一张投影片勿多过6行字,若为英文则每行不应超过6个词。
投影片投射在屏幕上的文字不宜太小,视与台下观众的距离而定。

图表就像是“数字地图”,可以让看的人一目了然。成功的演说者应该就这些数字、图表加以诠释,让听众即刻掌握这些数字之间的关系。
The statistics I've just given show that Taiwan is definitely a youth-oriented market, and will remain so for another ten years. The companies that successfully target this segment have higher sales and larger market shares year in and year out. I've prepared a few diagrams showing which companies dominate the market, and the types of advertising they use to keep their sales.
我刚才给各位的统计数字说明台湾的确是一个以年轻人为导向的市场,而且未来十年之内仍然会继续是这种状况。因此看准了并打进这个市场区间的企业,每年就能有较高的业绩和市场占有率。我另外还准备了一些图来说明是哪几家公司主宰了目前的市场,以及这些公司运用哪些广告来维持他们的业绩。
This bar chart shows the top four companies and their market shares: the American Jonny&Jammy Company leads the pack with 29%, followed by the domestic firm, V08, at 21%. The Japanese MARUMI is next with 17%, and the French company, La-Rose, is last with 12%. The next chart, a pie graph, shows a breakdown of their advertising: the largest wedge at 62% represents TV commercials; a quarter of their budget goes to magazine and newspaper ads, and the remainder is for purchasing advertising and posters placed in shops where their products are sold.
从这个条形图表可以看出四家最大的公司以及他们的市场占有率。美国的Jonny&Jammy公司以百分之二十九领先群雄,其次是本地的厂家V08,拥有百分之二十一的市场占有率;再下来是日本的MARUMI,拥有百分之十七;法国的La-Rose居末,占了百分之十二的市场。第二个图表是个圆形百分比图,显示这几家公司的各类广告比重。比率最大的那个扇形是电视广告,占百分之六十二;报刊杂志占了百分之二十五,其余的则是促销广告和海报等贴在产品销售卖场的广告。
Notes:
1. youth-oriented 以年轻人为导向的
youth是"青少年人"的意思。基本上各年龄层的泛称有:children(小孩)、teenagers(青少年)、adults(成年人)和the elderly(老年人)。
I suggest youth-oriented commercials when we introduce the new cereal.
我建议推出新的麦片时,打以青少年为导向的电视广告。
2. year in and year out 每年;年复一年
In 和out在这里是指"出"、"入",也就是"来"、"去"的意思。"年来年又去",给人一种连续不断的感觉,有强调的意思。其实它就是指 every year、year after year。
Year in and year out, Ven-Ven is a leader in creative advertising.
年复一年,文文公司仍是创意广告的龙头。
3. lead the pack 领先群雄
Pack 常用的意思是"包;捆",如:a pack of cigarettes(一包香烟);但在这里是指"一群(人)"。整个词组原来是说有一群人在赛跑,其中一人超越了其它竞赛对手,居于领先地位。现在只要是形容某人在团体中表现最好,就可以用这个词组。
Because she studied hard, she led the pack in the race to get into a good university.
她读书很用功,因此考试成绩比其它人好,进了好大学。
句型总结
●  图表的说法与用途
1. What we have here is a bar chart showing...
2. Our monthly sales are shown on this X/Y graph.
3. These three pie graphs each present...
4. The next diagram illustrates...
基本的图表通常有chart、graph 和 diagram。这三个词在意义上原本有细微的差异,但现已互相通用了。图表的种类有很多,最常使用的几种是 bar chart条形图,line chart曲线图(又称 X/Y graph,X/Y坐标图),以及 pie graph圆形百分比图。条形图使人容易看出单一方面的数目,譬如业绩;圆形百分比图则可以看出每一方面占整体的比率。X/Y坐标图能让人清楚地看出两个因素之间的关系,譬如"每月"的"业绩"。每提到一个图表时,要先说出该图表的种类或名称。
●  指出图表某部份
1. The longest bar is...
2. This group of thin wedges shows...
3. The lowest point on the graph is…
解释图表内容时,将每个部份所代表的数字或比率说出来即可。但解释百分比图时,也可加入每个项目彼此或与整体之间的关系,譬如 the largest(最多的……)及 the remainder(其余的……)。另外,在圆形百分比图中的每一部分都可以称为 wedge(扇形)或 slice(片),如 "the smallest wedge / slice shows..."。至于X/Y坐标图就比较复杂,并行线称为 X axis(X轴),垂直线称为 Y axis(Y轴),图上的任何 (X,Y)坐标都是一个 point(一点)。通常要指出曲线上某一点时,最好能明确地指出来,不然就要把X与Y轴所代表的事物明白讲清楚。
●  说明图表的意义
1. This bar chart shows the growth in our sales.
    2. Here is a graph showing the growth in our sales.
    3. Each bar on the chart represents the growth in our sales.
    4. The wedges on this pie graph illustrate the growth in our sales.
    5. This diagram focuses on the growth in our sales.
说明图表的意义要简单明了,一句话就能让听众明白。例如文中提到条形图时,立刻表明这张图分别代表the top four companies 和 their market shares(这些称为图表的 factor(s));而看到圆形百分比图时,就表示这张图 "shows a breakdown of their advertising..."。注意,表示整个图所代表的意义用动词 show,而表示图中各部分的要用 represent。
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发表于 2009-6-25 17:58 |显示全部楼层
Daphne提供观众所需的背景数据后,便进入presentation的核心阶段。她必须以专业者的眼光指出天籁在美国成功的销售经验与在台湾所需的行销企划之间所存在的重要差异。
I know EarthSound has used all of these advertising methods successfully in the United States, and you may feel that what works in the States will work in Taiwan. This is definitely not the case. There are important differences between EarthSound's advertising and the advertising of successful companies in Taiwan.
我知道贵公司在美国已经非常成功地运用这几种广告,而且,各位也许会认为,这些广告在美国有效,在台湾应该也一样。其实不然,贵公司的广告与刚才我提到的几家在台湾成功的公司所做的广告有很大的不同。
EarthSound's slogan is, "EarthSound - the healthy alternative for you and the environment," while V08's slogan is, "Thank you, V08, for making me beautiful." Why the difference? My calculations show that 85% of the American public believes they can do something to help the environment, but only 30% of Taiwan's people feel the same. America's politicians and its media have made people aware of this issue. This has created a market for EarthSound's products. If Taiwan's politicians and media would do the same, then the people of Taiwan would be ready for EarthSound's advertising. This hasn't happened yet.
天籁的口号是:"天籁--你和环境的健康选择",V08的口号是:"V08,谢谢你把我变得美丽"。为什么会有这样的差异呢?我的统计显示有85%的美国大众相信他们能做些有助于环境的事,但只有30%的台湾人会这么想。美国的政客和媒体已让大众意识到环境的问题,这就为天籁的产品创造了市场。如果台湾的政客和媒体也能做一样的事,那台湾人才会接受天籁的广告,但这种情况还没有出现。
Notes:
1. (be) aware of 注意;察觉;意识到
aware是个形容词,原意为“知道、晓得”,与of一起使用。be aware of的意思是指感觉到或注意到某一种情况或气氛。同义的词组有become aware of。
We should be aware of the financial risks before committing ourselves.
我们承诺之前应先注意财务上的风险。
2. be ready for... 准备好的;可以(做……)了
ready是形容词,意思为“准备好的”。be ready for即“有准备要做……”,引申有“对……是适合的”之意。presentation中,Daphne认为台湾人的环保意识还不够普遍,故 not ready for accepting(还不能接受)天籁的广告词。
We should be ready for strong competition when we move into the Taiwan market.
开拓台湾市场时,我们应该做好迎接激烈竞争的准备。
3. work 有效;成功;达到目的
work 一般的意思是“工作”(动词;名词);在这里是个口语用法,“有效;发挥功能”的意思,例如它在文中就是用来描述美国的广告词若原封不动搬到台湾就没办法“产生效果”。要注意的是,“work”用做“有效”的意思时,其主词一定是某事、物或某个办法,而不是人。
If your training program works in Hong Kong, it will work in Singapore.
你们的训练课程如果在香港适用,在新加坡也会适用的。
句型总结
●  比较差异
1. There are important differences between (A) and (B).
2. There are great distinctions between (A) and (B).
3. There are obvious contrasts between (A) and (B).
4. We can see discrepancies between (A) and (B).
5. We find great differences between (A) and (B).
presentation中要做一些比较时,最好提醒观众的注意,例如先说“There are important differences between...and...,……(之间)有很大的不同”,然后再说出不同之处。这个句型可以直接指出某两项事物有极大的差异;differences,“差别”在此为复数,表示有多项不同点,并以 important 来形容,有强调差异性的作用;介词 between 之后加相比较的事物,并注意要用 and 来连结这两者。如果差异并不复杂,你甚至可以接着把它们列出来。
●  提出因果关系
1. If (the cause), then (the effect)
2. When (the cause) happens, (the effect) happens
3. When we do (the cause), (the effect) occurs
4. (The cause) caused (the effect)
5. (Effects) were all due to (the cause)
有果必有因,presentation中尤其要说明结果的来由,以服众人。“If..., then...”就是经常用来说明因果的句子。If 后面接表示原因的句子,then 后面接表示结果的句子。通常都是先说明原因再提到结果,这样比较合乎逻辑又易懂。但有时候为了强调,也可以先列出一连串的结果再说明造成的原因。
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